Introduction to nondestructive testing ndt the use of noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material, component or structure or quantitatively measure some characteristic of an object or part without damaging it. The advantage that a liquid penetrant inspection offers over an unaided visual inspection is that it makes defects easier to see for the inspector. Learn how liquid penetrant testing products lose performance over time and what you can do to ensure penetrant test reliability november 7, 2017 by cheri stockhausen, product applications manager peak penetrant testing system performance is highly dependent on the integrity of the penetrant materials. The part is a 12 inch thick aluminum plate with a veeweld. Liquid penetrant testing fluorescent penetrant inspection fpi. Pdf development time in liquid penetration testing for metal butt. Although there are more options in the way the test is performed, the basic principles have not. Dye penetrant inspection dp, also called liquid penetrate inspection lpi or penetrant testing pt, is a widely applied and lowcost inspection method used to check surfacebreaking defects in all nonporous materials metals, plastics, or ceramics. Pdf fullyautomated liquid penetrant inspection line. Nondestructive testing ndt products limited liquid penetrant. Purpose the purpose of this procedure is to explain the method of applying the liquid penetration nondestructive test. Liquid penetrant inspection the british institute of non.
Liquid penetrant is applied by immersion, spraying or brushing to the part to be inspected. The ability of a liquid to wet a surface is measured by the contact angle, i. Restrictions of the penetrant application are listed in paragraph 2. Standard test method for liquid penetrant examination. Liquid enters narrow openings due to capillary action. Nov 01, 2010 liquid penetrant inspection lpi, also known as dye penetrant inspection dpi or penetrant testing pt, was first developed in the early 1940s to detect flaws on the surface of materials. Lpi is a simple, cheap and easily portable inspection method that requires no equipment apart from spray. Excess surface penetrant is removed while allowing the penetrant in flaws to remain. Penetrant inspection, continuousoperation production lines in which the specimens are cleaned, dipped, washed, dried, etc on a time cycle are common. Dye penetrant inspection dpi, also called liquid penetrant inspection lpi or penetrant testing pt, is one of the oldest and simplists ndt methods where its. Standalone penetrant testing equipment for moderate volume liquid penetrant inspection. Liquid penetrant testing fluorescent penetrant inspection fpi the perfect nondestructivetest ndt solution for inspection of components, liquid penetrant testing, or fluorescent penetrant inspection fpi, is commonly used in the aerospace and medical industries.
How to maintain penetrant testing system performance. The dye penetrant method of inspection with spotcheck is a nondestructive test for defects open to the surface. Nov 30, 2015 liquid penetrant testing is one of the oldest and simplest ndt methods. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of the test method. We pneumatically test our coils because water can not be completely drained from all of the tubes and for the risk of it freezing during winter storage. Liquid penetrant testing is a versatile nondestructive test method used for detecting surface discontinuities in a wide variety of solid, nonporous materials. S hakiwan s habri m ohd h affis a bd r azak non destructive test 2. They are nondestructive testing methods for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, through leaks, or lack of fusion and are applicable to inprocess, final, and maintenance examination.
Since joining dsto in 1986, he has worked on a variety of. Liquid penetrant exams check for material flaws open to the surface by flowing very thin liquid into the flaw and then drawing the liquid out with a chalklike developer. Standard test method for liquid penetrant examination se165 identical with astm speci. Introduction to nondestructive testing ndt the use of. Before performing a liquid penetrant test, the surface of the test material must be thoroughly cleaned to remove any contaminants that could prevent the penetrant from entering flaws. The choice of applica tion is usually a matter of preference, but can be influenced by the size and shape of the test piece, the equipment available for conducting the test or the requirements of the test specifications applicable to the samples. Although there are more options in the way the test is performed, the basic principles have not changed over the years. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the. Liquid penetrant testing is based on the principle of. The finer the bore, the more is the capillary force. Decide on the necessary items and products required to complete the job. The first step in conducting a liquid penetrant test on a surface that has been painted is to. Liquid rises through the cavity of a fine bore tube against the gravity. Liquid penetrant inspection lpi, or dye penetrant inspection, is a reliable, efficient, and costeffective method for detecting surface flaws of welds, castings, and other components that cannot be destroyed.
During a test, liquid penetrant materials can have direct, unsafe effects on human operators for example, topical exposure to chemical solvents. Liquid penetrant testing liquid penetrant inspection of nondestructive testing is a process for nding discontinuities open to the surface in solids and nonporous materials 3. Recently, equipment to fully automate the visual inspection stage of the process, by robotic handling of the specimen on a programmed procedure with television camera viewing and pattern. Liquid penetrant testing pt is used to detect casting, forging and welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on inservice components. A clean, relatively smooth surface is needed for success ful penetrant inspection.
Nde liquid penetrant and magnetic particle inspection twi. After the penetrant time, the excess penetrant, which remain on the surface, is removed. Liquid penetrant testing is one of the oldest and simplest ndt methods. The materials expended in liquid penetrant tests include organic pigments, petroleum distillates, wetting agents, corrosion inhibitors, powders and various cleaning compounds and solvents. Compact penetrant testing equipment for low volume liquid penetrant inspection. Study of the factors affecting the sensitivity of liquid penetrant. Way more information than you ever wanted on how to fell a tree.
Use the different types of penetrant products available to industry. A new chapter on the fluorescent technique and ultraviolet radiation has been added, sections covering safety, materials, and probability of detection have been significantly updated, as have citations to applicable standards. Astm e165 e165m 18 standard practice for liquid penetrant. Liquid penetrant inspection can be used on a wide variety of materials. Liquid penetrant testing1 free download as powerpoint presentation. So uw50 note 7 is the driver behind the penetrant testing that i heard about and the code case i posted waives the penetrant requirement as long as we do not go over. Understand basic metallurgy where related to ndt and the material tested.
An approximation of the temperature may be made with temperature. They are nondestructive testing methods for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts. Welding can be defined as the metallurgical method of joining, applied to the general. Fullyautomated liquid penetrant inspection line simulation model for increasing productivity article pdf available in international journal of simulation modelling 122. The liquid penetrant is left on the surface for a suf.
The effectiveness of the test is determined by the training, skill and dedication of the penetrant technician, the cleaning and preparation of the test object and the materials and. Since several steps and materials are involved in the inspection process, there are quality control procedures for each of them. Modular penetrant equipment for largescale and highvolume processes. Advantages and capabilities of liquid penetrant inspection. They are nondestructive test ing methods for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts. Administration to help guide future research efforts regarding lpi procedures. Non destructive testing dye penetrant inspection wermac. Fluorescent penetrant kits combine portability of test material with the high. Students will have the ability to gain practical experience with methods a, b, c, and d testing. Etching may be required if mechanical operations such as machining, sanding, or grit blasting have been performed on the item. Section, the liquid penetrant method described in this article shall be used together with article 1, general requirements. The problem with retesting a test specimen which has been previously tested using liquid penetrant is that. Review of literature on probability of detection for liquid penetrant. Pdf as many researches focused on application of nondestructive testing, very less concerned on the.
It may be used on such materials as aluminum, magnesium, brass, copper, cast iron, steel, stainless steel, carbides, stellite, certain plastics and ceramics. Liquid penetrant testing the history and principles etms. The sample may also require etching if mechanical operations such as machining, sanding. Liquid dye penetrant test inspection free ndt sample. Liquid penetrant testing is a nondestructive material examination procedure used to check for deficiencies such as cracks by spreading a thin liquid dye onto the materials surface, followed by the application of a developer.
Liquid penetrant lpi and magnetic particle mpi inspection techniques are methods that supplement visual inspection, revealing defects such as fine cracks or microporosity that would be invisible or difficult to detect by the naked eye. Practical exam handson demonstration of the ability to operate test equipment, perform speci. Lpi is a portable surface inspection method, allowing our engaged experts to conduct comprehensive onsite penetrant inspection. One of the most critical steps of a liquid penetrant inspection is the surface preparation. This method is used to reveal surface discontinuities by bleed out of a colored or fluorescent dye from the flaw. In particular, by pt we can nd the following kind of discontinuities. Basic processing steps of a liquid penetrant inspection. Liquid penetrant and magnetic particle testing at level 2. T620 general the liquid penetrant examination method is an effective. Of the number of nondestructive test procedures available, liquid penetrant testing.
Volume 1, liquid penetrant testing differs from the third edition in many ways. The surface must be free of oil, grease, water, or other contaminants that may prevent penetrant from entering flaws. Welds are the most common item inspected, but plate, bars, pipes, castings, and forgings are also commonly inspected using liquid penetrant examination. Liquid penetrant inspection lpi, also known as dye penetrant inspection dpi or penetrant testing pt, was first developed in the early 1940s to detect flaws on the surface of materials. The penetrant works its way into surface openings via capillary action. E 1208 test method for fluorescent liquid penetrant. E165 e165m18 standard practice for liquid penetrant testing for general. Liquid enters narrow discontinuities because of capillary forces. Liquid penetrant testing 2 ultraviolet fluorescence. Pt is a nondestructive examination method used to locate surface breaking discontinuities in nonporous materials metals, plastics, or. A suitable liquid penetrant is applied to the surface of the component under examination and is permitted to remain there for sufficient time to allow the liquid to penetrant into any defects open at the surface.